D. Pharm - II Examination - 2012 (I) | PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY (THEORY)

 

ODISHA STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY

D. Pharm - II Examination - 2012 (I) 

PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY (THEORY) 

Time - 3 Hours                              Full Marks - 80

__________________

(Answer any five questions including question no-1)

1.(A) Define the terms.

            [1×6

(i) Pharmacokinetic:

(ii) Superinfection:

(iii) Drug dependence:

(iv) Synergism

(v) Antagonism:

(vi) Therpeutic index

2. Differentiate sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Classify adrenergic agents and write down the pharmacological action and adverse effect of adrenaline. 

   2+4+10

3. Match the following

      1×10

A

(i) Ketamine

(ii) Domperidone

(iii) Niclosumid

(iv) Sucralfate

(v) Anthelmintic

(vi) Haloperidal

(vii) Aspirin

(viii) Methotrexate

(ix) Allopurinol

(x) Propylthiouracil

B

(i) Anti-thyroid

(ii) Anti Govt.

(iii) Antimetabolite

(iv) Antiemetic

(v) Metformin 

(vi) Gastric mucosa protectant

(vii) IV General anaesthetic

(viii) Anti psychotic

(ix) Biguanides

 (x) Antiplaterer

4. Define diuretics. Classify them, write down the pharmacological action, adverse effect and use of frusemide. 

            [2×8

5. Write short notes on (any two)

              [2x8

(i) Anticholinesterases

(ii) Metronidazole

(iii) Co-trimoxazde

6. Classify NSAID. Discuss the mechanism of action, pharmacological action, adverse effect and use of aspirin. 

           6+1

7. Classify antimalarial drugs. Describe the pharmacology of chloroquine.

         6+10

8. Define chemotherapeutic agents and antibiotics. Write the mechanism of action of penicillins and a note on semi-synthetic penicillins.

     [1+1+4+10

ANSWER TO 2012

1.(A) Define the terms 

(i) Pharmacokinetic: It is the study of effect of body on the drug. It includes absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) of a drug.

(ii) Superinfection: This is the infection which occurs due to inhibition of intestinal microflora by use of an antibiotic like tetracycline.

(iii) Drug dependence: It is a state characterised by compulsion to take the drug on a continuous or periodic basis in order to experience its psychic effects and sometimes to avoid the discomfort of its absence. It may be psychic dependence or physical dependence.

(iv) Synergism: When the combined effect of two drugs is more than sum of their individual effect, synergism occurs. Ex: Co-trimoxazole

                     1+1>2

(v) Antagonism: The phenomenon of opposing actions of two drugs on the same physiological system is termed as drug antagonism.

(vi) Therpeutic index:

Therapeutic index: It is the ratio of median lethal dose (LD50) to median effective dose (ED50)

T. I = LD50/ED50

It tells us about the safety / toxicity of a drug.

2. Differentiate sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. Classify adrenergic agents and write down the pharmacological action and adverse effect of adrenaline.

Ans. 

Sympathetic

(a) Also called thoracolumbar outflow.

(b) This system is activated during fight, flight or fright situation 

(c) The neurotransmitter at the post ganglioric nerve ending is adrenaline /naradrnaline

(d) Ganglion is near to CNS

(e) The pregantionic: Post ganglionic nerve fibre =1:20 to 1:100

(f) There are 3 motor pathways

(g) The receptors are called adrenergic receptors.