Chapter-1
Introduction
Syllabus: Scope of Anatomy and physiology. Definition of various terms used in Anatomy.
The systematic study of the human body is performed under two disciplines, le anatomy (structure) and physiology (function). Anatomy is the study of different structures of the human body and their relationship with each other. while physiology is the study of the functioning of these structures
Anatomy is made up of two Greek words, ana means up and temos means to cut. Anatomy is the science of body structures and coordination among the various body structures. It is a general term which includes human anatomy, animal anatomy (zootomy), and plant anatomy (phytotomy). Anatomy is sub-divided into:
1) Gross Anatomy: It is also known as topographical anatomy, regional anatomy, or anthropotomy. It includes the study of such anatomical structures which can be seen with the naked eyes
2) Microscopic Anatomy: In this type of anatomy, very minute anatomical structures (tissues and cells) are studied with the help of microscopes.
3) Superficial Anatomy or Surface Anatomy: This type of anatomy is of prime importance as it includes the study of anatomical structures that can be seen from the body. With the knowledge of superficial anatomy, physicians or veterinary surgeons gauge the position and anatomy of the associated deeper structures.
4) Comparative Anatomy: In this type of anatomy, the comparison of anatomical structures both gross and microscopic present in different animals is studied
The Greek words physies (nature) and logos (study) combine to form the term physiology, which covers the study related to mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions of living organisms. It can be also defined as the study related to the science of various body functions and their working
Scope
Tho unatomy and physiology together form the foundation of medical sciences; their scope is vast that can be summarised in the following terms
1) Study of human anatomy provides an essential base for the understanding of physiology and pathophysiology,
2) Helpful in the study of human evolution and development
Anatomy is a science that deals with the structures of the body and the relationship of various parts to each other.
Anatomy includes:
1. Cytology - study of cells
2. Histology - study of tissues
3. Osteology - study of bones
4. Myology - study muscles
5. Arthrology - study of joints
6. Splanchnology - study of organs
7. Neurology -study of the nervous system
Descriptive terms used in Anatomy: The arrangement of various parts of the body may be :
i) Symmetric e.g. limbs, eyes, ears and lungs. Their arrangement on the right side and left side are similar.
ii) Assymmetric e.g. spleen and liver. The spleen lies entirely in the left side., Liver lies mostly on the right side.
The following are a few important terms which are used to describe the human body :
1.Median line (mid saggittal plane): plane which divides the body into two halves . The central i.e. right and left.
2. Medial :Nearer to the median line
3. Lateral : Away from the median line
4. Superior : Nearer to the head
5. Inferior : Nearer to the foot Nearer to the front surface of the body Nearer to the back
6. Anterior : Nearer to the front surface of the body
7. Posterior : Nearer to the back surface of the body
8. Proximal : Nearer to the origin of the structure
9. Distal : Away from the origin of the structure
10. Superficial : Nearer to the skin surface
11. Deep. : Deeper from the skin surface
Movement at joints : The following are a few descrip- tive terms used to convey the movements which occur at variņus joints:
1. Flexion: A movement where similar surfaces come nearer to each other. This reduces the angle be- tween two bones e.g bending the forearm at the elbow.
2. Extension : Movement where similar surfaces go apart. Here, the angle between two bones is increased. It is the opposite of flexion e.g. straightening of the bent forearm.
3. Adduction : A movement which brings the limb towards mid line.
4. Abduction : It is the opposite of adduction where the limb is drawn away from the mid line.
5. Rotation: A movement around a central axis involving 360°.
6. Medial rotation: A rotation towards medial direction.
7. Lateral rotation : A rotation towards lateral direction.
8. Circumduction : A movement involving flexion, ab- duction, extension and adduction which occur in a sequence. This movement occurs in shoulder, hip etc.
Physiology is the science of life which deals with normal functions of the body. It explains how various systems in the body function together normally as a single unit.
The subject matter of Physiology includes the study of various systems like:
1. Central nervous system
2. Cardiovascular system
3. Digestive system
4. Excretory system
5. Respiratory system
6. Reproductive system etc.
Human Anatomy & Physiology:
(click below link for read)
● Chapter -4,
Comments
Post a Comment