D. Pharm - II Examination - 2014 (I) | PHARMACEUTICS

D. Pharm - II Examination - 2014 (I) | PHARMACEUTICS - II (THEORY)

ODISHA STATE BOARD OF PHARMACY

D. Pharm - II Examination - 2014 (I)

PHARMACEUTICS - II (THEORY)

Time - 3 Hours Full Marks - 80

__________________

(Answer any five questions including question no-1)

1. A. Fill in the blanks

1x10

i. __________when dispended with alkaline preparation, the free alkaloids may be precipitated.

ii. Corticosteroids are ____________ in patients having an active peptic ulcer.

ii. The strong purgatives should be avoided in woman during _________.

iv. Cachets are known as__________.

v. In non flocculated suspension, the particles exist as ___________.

vi. Emulsifying agents reduce ____________ between two phases.

Vii. ________ ointments are used to remove or soften the horney layer of the skin.

viii. Rectal suppositories are generally made from_________.

ix. _________ test is done to ensure that the parenterl preparation are free from foreign particles.

x. Opthalmic products should be ________ with lachrymal secretions to avoid discomfort in eye.

B. What is ? (any five)

2x5

a) Displacement value

b) Liquefaction

c) Indiffusible Mixture

d) Flocculated suspension

e) Cracking

f) Pyrogen

2. Define the term “Posology” Discuss various factors which affects the dose of a medicine

2+13

3. Define mixture. What are different types of mixture. Describe in brief the methods of dispensing mixtures.

2+1+12

4. Define Emulsion. Discuss in brief the various methods used in the preparation of emulsion.

2+13

5. Define suppositories. Discuss in brief the various methods of preparation of suppositories.

2+13

6. What are parenteral preparation ? Discuss in brief the various tests which are required to be done for the evaluation of parenteral products.

2+13

7. Write short notes on (any five)

5x3

(a) Inscription

(b) facial cosmetics

(d) phase inversion

(e) Dalysis fluids

(f) Tablet triturates

ANSWER TO 2014

1. A.

(i) Alkaloidal salts

(ii) Contraindicated

(iii) Pregnancy

(iv) Wafer capsule

(v) Separate entities

(vi) Interfacial tension

(vii) Keratolytic

(viii) theobroma oil on

(ix) elasity

(x) isotonic

B. What is ? (any five)

(a) Displacement value

Ans.

Displacement value is the quantity of the drug which displaces one part of the base in a suppository.

(b) Liquefaction

Ans.

This is a process when certain low melting point solids are mixed together, a liquid or soft mass known as eutectic mixture is produced.

Ans. Indiffusible mixture are the mixture containing solids which are not soluble in water and do not remain uniformly distributed in the vehicle for sufficiently long time..

(d) Flocculated suspension Ans. Flocculated suspension The suspensions are called flocculated when the individual particles are in contact with each other and form a network like structure.

(e) Cracking

Ans.

Cracking means the separation of two layers of disperse and continuous phase, due to the coalescence of disperse phase globules which are difficult to redisperse by shaking. Cracking may occur due to the following reasons:

(f) Pyrogen

Ans.

Pyrogen - These are the metabolic product of microorganisms which when enters our body raise the body temperature above normal.

2. Define the term "Posology" Discuss various factors which affects the dose of a medicine

Ans.

Dose is the quantity of drugs which can be administered to a patient to get the desired pharmacological actions. The dose of a drug cannot be fixed rigidly because there are so many factors which influence the doses. These factors are age, condition of the patient, severity of the disease, tolerances both natural and acquired, idiosyncrasy, route of administration, formulation used, drug interactions and rate of elimination. Posology is the study of dose.

Factors Influencing Dose:

The following are some of the factors which influence the dose :

(i) Age: The pharmacokinetics of many drugs. changes with age. Children and old people need lesser amount of drug than the normal adult dose, because they are unable to excrete drugs to that extent as adults. Children can tolerate relatively larger amounts of belladona, digitalis and ethanol, whereas, elderly patients are more sensitive to some drug effects e.g. hypnotics and tranquillizers which may produce confusion states in them.

(ii) Sex: Women do not always respond to the action of drugs in the same manner as it is done in men. Morphine and barbiturates may produce more excitement before sedation in women. Special care should be taken when drugs are administered during menstruation, pregnancy and lactation. The strong purgatives such as aloes should be avoided. during menstruation. Similarly the drugs which may stimulate the uterine smooth muscle e.g. drastic AO purgatives, antimalarial drugs and ergot alkaloids are contra indicated during pregnancy. There are certain drugs which on administration to the mother are capable of crossing the placenta and affecting the foetus e.g.alcohol, barbiturates, narcotic and non narcotic analgesics etc. During lactation, the drugs like antihistamines morphine BOAN and tetracycline which are excreted in milk should be avoided or given very cautiously to the mothers who are breast feeding the babies. as

(iii) Body weight: The average dose is mentioned either in terms of mg per kg body weight or as a total single dose for an adult weighing between 50-100 Kg. However, the dose expressed in this fashion may not apply in cases of obese patients, children and malnourished patients. It should be calculated according to body weight.

(iv) Route of administration: Intravenous dose of drugs are usually smaller than the oral doses, because the drugs administered intravenously enter the blood steam directly. Due to this reason the onset of drug action is quick with intravenous route and this might enhance the chances of drug toxicity. The effectiveness of drug formulation is generally controlled by the route of administration.

(v) Time of administration: The presence of food in the stomach delays the absorption of drugs. The drugs are more rapidly absorbed from the empty stomach. The irritating drugs are better tolerated if administered after meals e.g. iron, arsenic and cod-liver oil should always be given after meals.

(vi) Environmental factors: Hypnotics are more effective at night. The amount of barbiturate required to produce sleep during day time is much higher than the dose required to produce sleep at night. Alcohol is better tolerated in cold environments than in summer.

(vii) Emotional factors: The personality and behaviour of a physician may influence the effect of drug or especially the drugs which are intended for use in a psychosomatic disorder. Inert dosage forms called placebos which resemble the actual medicament in the physical properties are known to produce therapeutic benefit in diseases like angina pectoris and bronchial asthma.

(viii) Presence of disease: Drugs like barbiturates and chlorpromazine may produce unusually prolonged effect in patients having liver cirrhosis. Streptomycin is excreted mainly by the kidney may prove toxic if the kidney of the patient is not working properly.

(ix) Accumulation: The drugs which are slowly excreted may built up a sufficient high concentration in the body and produce toxic symptoms if it is repeatedly administered for a long time e.g. digitalis, emetine and heavy metals. This occurs due to accumulative effect of the drug.. The cumulative effects are usually produced by slow excretion, degradation and rapid absorption of drugs.

(x) Additive effect: When the total pharmacological. action of two or more drugs administered together is equivalent to sum of their individual pharmacological action, the phenomena is called as an additive effect. For example, combination. of ephedrine and aminophylline in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

(xi) Synergism: When two or more drugs are used in the combination form, their action is increased. The phenomena is called synergism. Ex: Co trimoxazde

(xii) Antagonism: When the action of one drug is oppsed by the other drug on the same physiological system is known as drug antagonism. The use of antagonistic responses to drugs is valuable in the treatment of poisoning e.g. milk of magnesia is given in acid poisoning where alkaline effect of milk of magnesia neutralise the effect of acid poisoning. When adrenaline and acetylcholine are given together, they neutralise the effect of each other due to antagonism because adrenaline is vasoconstrictor and acetylcholine is vasodilator.

(xiii) Idiosyncrasy: An extraordinary response to a drug which is different from its characteristic phramacological action is called idiosynerasy. The word idiosyncrasy has now been replaced by the term drug allergy. For example, small quantity of aspirin may cause gastric haemorrhage and a small dose of quinine may produce ringing in the ears.

(xiv) Tolerance: When an unusually large dose of a drug is required to elicit an effect ordinarily produced by the normal therapeutic dose of the drug, the phenomenon is termed as drug tolerance, e.g., smokers can tolerate nicotine, alcoholic can tolerate large quantity of alcohol. The drug tolerance is of two types.

(a) True tolerance, which is produced by oral and parenteral administration of the drug.

(b) Pseudo tolerance, which is produced only to the oral route of administration.

(xv) Tachyphylaxis: When certain drugs are administered repeatedly at short intervals, the cell receptors get blocked up and pharmacological response to that particular drug is decreased. The decreased response cannot be reversed by increasing the dose. The phenomenon is known as tachyphylaxis or acute tolerance. For example, ephedrine when given in repeated doses at short intervals in the treatment of bronchial asthma may produce very less response due to tachyphylaxis.

(xvi) Metabolic disturbances : Changes in water electrolyte balance and acid base balance, body temperature and other physiological factor may modify the effects of drugs. Salicylates reduce body temperature only in case an individual has rise in body temperature. They have no antipyretic effect if the body temperature is normal.

Young's Formula :

The formula is used for calculating the doses for children under 12 years of age.

3. Define mixture. What are different types of mixture. Describe in brief the methods of dispensing mixtures.

Ans.

A mixture is a liquid preparation meant for oral administration in which medicament or medicaments are dissolved or suspended in a suitable vehicle.

Classification of mixtures:

Mixtures are classified into

(i) Simple mixtures containing soluble substances

(ii) Mixtures containing diffusible solids

(iii) Mixtures containing indiffusible solids

(iv) Mixtures containing precipitates forming liquids

(v) Mixtures containing slightly soluble liquids.

(i) Simple mixtures containing soluble substances:

Simple mixtures contains only soluble ingredients e.g, carminative mixture, diarrhoea mixture and expectorant mixture.

Methods of dispensing

(i) Dissolve the solid substances in 3/4th of the vehicle.

(ii) Examine the solution critically by holding it against the light. If foreign particles are visible, strain it through a cotton wool.

(iii) Add any liquid ingredients.

(iv) Add more of vehicle to produce the final volume. (v) Transfer the mixture into the bottle. Cork it and then thoroughly polish the bottle to remove finger prints. Attach the label, wrap the bottle and dispense.

(ii) Mixtures containing diffusible solids : Diffusible solids are those which do not dissolve in water, but may be mixed there with so that, upon shaking, the powder drug is evenly diffused throughout the liquid for sufficient time to ensure uniform distribution in each dose. The commonly used diffusible drugs are bismuth carbonate. bismuth subnitrate, magnesium carbonate (heavy or light), magnesium oxide (heavy or light), quinine sulphate, light kaolin etc. Method of dispensing

1. Finely powder the drug in a mortar. Add any soluble drug and mix. 2. Measure 3/4th of the vehicle. Make a smooth cream by using a portion of the vehicle and then add the remaining portion of the measured vehicle.

3. Transfer the content of mortar into a measure.Rinse the mortar with a little of vehicle and transfer it into a measure.

4. Add any liquid ingredient.

5. Add more of vehicle to produce the required volume.

6. Transfer the mixture to the dispensing bottle, cork. label and dispense. Apply the secondary lebel - "Shake the bottle well before use".

iii. Mixtures containing indiffusible solids :

Indiffusible solids are those solids whicha re not soluble in water and do not remain uniformly distributed in the vehicle for sufficiently long time. Therefore, to suspend the drug, suspending agents are added. The commonly used indiffusible drugs in mixtures form are acetyl salicylic acid, quinine salicylate, calomel, phenacetin, benzoic acid. phenobarbitone prepared chalk etc. The suspending agents which are commonly used in mixtures containing indiffusible solids are

(a) Compound tragacanth power - In the proportion of 2g/100 ml (10 grains/ounce) of the mixture. (b) Tragacanth musilage: In the proportion of 1/4th of the volume of the mixture. Compound tragacanth powder is used when the vehicle is other than water or chloroform water but tragacanth mucilage is used when the vehicle. is water or chloroform water.